Kronstadt Uprising free essay sample

Although both the failure of war communism and the kronstadt rising were factors that led to the introduction of NEP, but the most important factor is arguably the failure of war communism as the political, economic and social features of the failure of war communism were more significant than the Kronstadt rising.One reason why war communism was the most important reason why NEP was introduced was due to the negative economic effects that war communism had on Russia, as the Bolsheviks had nationalised effectively all industry, resulting in the need for requisitioning of grain and government distribution of food on a 4:3:2:1 ratio to the military, manual workers, general workers and the middle classes. This resulted in a famine by 1922, as peasants were refusing to plant more than they could eat for fear of confiscation. This had a negative economic impact on Russia as with a lack of food being distributed, the productivity manual workers in cities suffered, meaning that workers were n’t able to produce a lot, and by 1921 industrial production had dropped to one-fifth of its pre-war levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Kronstadt Uprising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This led to inflation and uncertainty, as real wages also plummeted as factories weren’t producing as much, resulting in the need for a new economic policy as the government was not only growing opposition and social unrest with their war communism, but seriously harming the economic potential of Russia as so many people were dying due to famine. This was a more important factor in introducing the NEP than the Kronstadt rising as the Kronstadt rising only further illustrated how much of a detrimental social and political impact war communism had on Russia; the Kronstadt sailors who had previously helped the Bolsheviks turned against them, as they felt betrayed by the Bolsheviks because war communism punished people so much. If it wasn’t for war communism failing the Kronstadt rinsing wouldn’t have happened, and NEP wouldn’t have been introduced.

U.S. Governments Methods of Dealing with People Suspected of Terrorist Involvement essays

U.S. Governments Methods of Dealing with People Suspected of Terrorist Involvement essays The concern of the United States with regards to terror and terrorists activities began way before the 9/11 terrorist incidents. There was the World Trade Center bombings in the 1990s and several attacks on U.S. citizens outside the U.S. Terror and terrorist incidents became a focal point in U.S. government policies immediately preceding the disasters of September 11, 2001. In a sudden change of stance, the government took off its gloves and dealt with terrorists in a manner they (the terrorists) understand well with iron fists! Many citizens hailed the governments efforts stating, It was high time the terrorists are given a dose of their own medicine! Others cried foul and began reminding the government of human rights, due process and freedom of expression. Suddenly, civil liberties were curtailed in the name of protecting the citizenry from the effects of terrorism. The two opposing fronts are at odds with each other giving viable arguments and stating each of their cases for and against the US governments methods of dealing with people suspected of terrorist involvement. One of the first acts of the government in the aftermath of 9/11 is the approval and implementation of the Patriot Act of 2001 or fully known as "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. The legislation contains ten titles that define the scope and measures of fighting terrorist activities, these titles are: Enhancing domestic security against terrorism; International money laundering abatement and anti-terrorist financing; Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism; Providing for victims of terrorism, public safety officers and their families; Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection; ...

All About the Ancient Roman Family

All About the Ancient Roman Family The Roman family was called familia, from which the Latin word family is derived. The familia could include the triad with which we are familiar, two parents and children (biological or adopted), as well as slaves and grandparents. The head of the family (referred to as the pater familias) was in charge of even adult males in the familia. See Jane F. Gardners Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life reviewed by Richard Saller in The American Historical Review, Vol. 105, No. 1. (Feb. 2000), pp. 260-261. Purposes of the Roman Family The Roman family was the basic institution of the Roman people. The Roman family transmitted morality and social status across generations. The family educated its own young. The family tended its own hearth, while the hearth goddess, Vesta, was tended by state priestess called Vestal Virgins. The family needed to continue so that dead ancestors could be honored by their descendants and connections made for political purposes. When this failed to be motive enough, Augustus Caesar offered financial incentives to families to breed. Marriage The wife of the pater familias (the mater familias) might have been considered part of her husbands family or part of her natal family, depending on the conventions of the marriage. Marriages in Ancient Rome could be in manu in the hand or sine manu without the hand. In the former case, the wife became part of her husbands family; in the latter, she remained tied to her family of origin. Divorce and Emancipation When we think of divorce, emancipation, and adoption, we usually think in terms of ending relationships between families. Rome was different. Inter-familial alliances were essential for garnering the support needed for political ends. Divorces could be granted so that partners could remarry into other families to establish new connections, but the family connections established via first marriages need not be broken. Emancipated sons were still entitled to shares of paternal estates. Adoption Adoption also brought families together and allowed continuity to families that would otherwise have no one to carry on the family name. In the unusual case of Claudius Pulcher, adoption into a plebeian family, led by a man younger than himself, allowed Claudius (now using the plebeian name Clodius) to run for election as tribune of the plebs. For information on the adoption of freedmen, see The Adoption of Roman Freedmen, by Jane F. Gardner. Phoenix, Vol. 43, No. 3. (Autumn, 1989), pp. 236-257. Familia vs. Domus In legal terms, familia included all those under the power of the pater familias; sometimes it meant only the slaves. The pater familias was usually the oldest male. His heirs were under his power, as were the slaves, but not necessarily his wife. A boy without a mother or children could be a pater familias. In non-legal terms, the mother/wife could be included in the familia, although the term usually used for this unit was domus, which we translate as home. See Familia, Domus, and the Roman Conception of the Family, by Richard P. Saller. Phoenix, Vol. 38, No. 4. (Winter, 1984), pp. 336-355. Household and Family Religion in Antiquity, edited by John Bodel and Saul M. Olyan Meaning of Domus Domus referred to the physical house, the household, including the wife, ancestors, and descendants. The domus referred to the places where the pater familias exerted his authority or acted as dominus. Domus was also used for the dynasty of the Roman emperor. Domus and familia were often interchangeable. Pater Familias vs. Pater or Parent While pater familias is usually understood as head of the family, it had the primary legal meaning of estate owner. The word itself was usually used in legal contexts and required only that the person be able to possess property. The terms usually used to denote parenting were parens parent, pater father, and mater mother. See Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household, by Richard P. Saller. Classical Philology, Vol. 94, No. 2. (Apr. 1999), pp. 182-197.

International business law Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International business law - Article Example The article relates to the material being used in class, specifically in terms of asserting the need to abide and observe human rights, especially in war-ridden areas. The news report disclosed that through these chemical attacks, â€Å"the Assad regime continues to carry out war crimes in its slaughter of innocent men, women, and children† (Reuters par. 11). Even though the victims were noted to be rebels of the Syrian government, it is important to observe proper legal procedures in applying jurisdiction and justice, than resorting to chemical warfare that undermines their right to live. I strongly believe that each country face problems in terms of the ideologies professed by rebel groups which obviously run counter to government policies and legislation. However, as government officials, elected by the people, I affirm that resorting to unfair warfare tactics, like chemical warfare, grossly violates the rebels’ right to express themselves and to live. As such, if these rebels also violate legal, moral, or ethical codes of conduct, they too, should be subjected to similar legal procedures that each and every citizen of the country is allowed to undergo. Therefore, the allegations reported that the Syrian government allegedly uses chemical warfare in rebel-held areas are obvious violations of human rights and should be rightfully examined by international courts. The fact that the government had already breached the chemical weapons agreement is already an indication of disrespect for justice and observance of human rights. The reason why I disagree to the Sy rian government’s alleged use of toxic chemicals in rebel-held areas is that the action obviously disrespects the right of these rebels to live. Further, by using these chemical weapons, unsuspecting and hapless victims include women and children, who are supposed to be protected from these abusive incidents. The rebels could just be

Marriage and Psychological Well Being Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marriage and Psychological Well Being - Essay Example A substantial survey carried out by Stack and Eshelman measuring marital status and happiness across 17 nations using a sample of 18,000 adults concluded that married couples were more likely to report being happy than those who cohabited.(Less,2007;Stack and Eshelman, "Marital Status and Happiness: A17-Nation Study.") There are many resons offered for the claim of being more happiness between married couples compared to other couples. One of them claims that married people are generally healthier than unmarried people and those who are healthier are likely to be happier.(Wu et al,2003) Other explanations include greater commitment levels within marriage, which in turn have an effect on people's perception that the relationship will last. Another consequence of the perception of greater commitment is that there tends to be lower levels of stress and higher levels of security among married couples, and, therefore,better psychological well-being.(Less,2007;Marcussen) A further explanation is that the greater financial stabil... A further explanation is that the greater financial stability within marriage, associated with the higher income of married men, leads to lower levels of stress, and higher levels of well-being and relationship quality.(Lees,2007; S. Korenman and D. Neumark,1991) Increased sexual satisfaction has also been offered as an explanation because studies show that married couples rate their sex lives more satisfying, on average, than do those involved in cohabiting relationships.(Less,2007;Ower and Oswald,2006) Role of marriage in youths mental health Marriage is a natural, ocular and inevitable need for human beings and as the above researches shows, it is the most safe and healthy method for males and females to live together. Refusal of this need causes a lot of physical and mental problems and perhaps, one of the reasons of huge part of stress and neural pressures in human life nowadays is the latency in time of the marriage. Boys and girls, on the ascent and descent of their life, are in need for a safe environment and a sentimental base and the best person that can secure this base is a consort/helpmate. They can have safety, security and mental health together. Around 1400 years ago, muslims prophet (prophet Muhammad ) also said : " Help unmarried people marry because God makes their comportment better in that case" and today, after alot of research by psychologists and sociologists, the same result has came through. They say that marriage is in a positive relation to mental health. Researches shows that married people are in much better mental health situation than other people. Less neurotic signs has been seen among

Surveillance and the State Essay Example for Free

Surveillance and the State Essay Introduction The UK is increasingly sleep walking into a surveillance society[1] to the extent that it has become an inescapable part of life.[2] Every time we make a telephone call, send an email, browse the internet, or even walk down our local high street, our actions may be monitored and recorded.[3] The increasing prevalence of surveillance has perhaps led to the state being viewed by its citizens as the Big Brother of Orwellian fame. This essay intends to focus on the impact of government surveillance and data collection has upon the privacy of citizens and, as a consequence, their relationship with the state. To effectively answer this question there needs to be an examination of the various forms of surveillance and data collection and whether they are constitutionally proper or improper, intrusive or legal, and whether there should be limitations to the quantity of information collated. The advancement of technology in the 21st century has enhanced the quantity and integrity of surveillance information which begs the question are we as a nation ‘too stupid’ to realise how intrusive the UK’s surveillance regime is? Is a citizen’s liberty and privacy at stake with the effects of surveillance from both public and private sector? Furthermore is the legislation governing this issue sufficient in its application? All these matters will be addressed. However, as there are so many forms of surveillance, there will be a particular emphasis on mass surveillance and the use of CCTV and databases. The need for a widespread belief in the importance of individual freedom and executive accountability is undoubtedly a prerequisite to the success of a constitutional democracy. Understanding Surveillance and its Components. The term ‘surveillance’ can be briefly defined as ‘watching over’ which indicates monitoring the behaviour of persons, objects, or systems.[4] There are two broad types of surveillance, mass surveillance and targeted surveillance. Mass Surveillance is not targeted on any particular individual and gathers information for future use, further, it has the potential to erode privacy. Whereas targeted is directed at particular individuals. It can be carried out under a covert or overt means If it is carried out under a covert operation, it is important to note, that the citizen is unaware of the use of targeted surveillance, so therefore the relationship with the state is unaffected by the use of this type. However if in the event where there was unlawful targeted surveillance and the individual was to become aware, the consequences can be detrimental to the relationship between the citizen and the state. It is important to note that alongside the state there are non state agencies and organizations which also occupy an increasingly significant component of surveillance systems today. The case of Patton v Poole Borough council where, only after the surveillance had been completed by the council on a family, were they made aware of this. The council believed they were acting in accordance with RIPA, and that ‘it was necessary for the prevention and detection of crime and it was proportionate for determining the genuineness of information supplied by Ms Patton.’ [5] The tribunal in this instance found the council was in breach of RIPA and did not act in accordance with Article 8. In coming to this conclusion the court had to determine the issue of whether the actions carried out by the council was necessary for the prevention or detection of crime and was it proportionate to what sought to be achieved. The legislation governing Surveillance and the protection of citizens is outlined in the Data Protection Act 1998, Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the 1995 European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. The Data Protection Act governs the protection of personal data; however this act does not mention privacy of the individual. Privacy The need for privacy is fundamental in a high surveillance society such as the UK. Privacy Internationals survey in 2007 which covered 47 countries indicated there had been in an increase in surveillance in the past year to the detriment of privacy safeguards. 8 of these 47 countries were rated as being ‘endemic surveillance societies’ which included the UK. [6] The need to protect and facilitate the development of privacy of the citizen in order to maintain healthy functioning of society is a necessity with the advancement of technology. Privacy is recognised as a fundamental right by various legal instruments,[7] although Article 8(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights provides limitations.[8] However in English law it is a known fact that there is no right to privacy, it has been suggested that privacy is of such importance to humanity that in the past it needed little formal protection.[9] The high profile case of Kaye v Robertson[10] illustrated the need for the right to privacy in the UK, where photographs of Gorden Kaye were published as he lay suffering from injuries in a car crash. Governments The government’s evidence does not itself explain how the collection of information helps in the pursuit of their objectives, or whether existing processing practices are proportionate to those objectives.[11] The need for this may result in a conflict between the interests of the citizen and the aims of the state. Concerns were also raised about whether government agencies and other public bodies understood how the principles of necessity and proportionality operate in the context of privacy and limitations set out in article 8(2). In order to justify a an interference with article 8’s stipulations, the state must be able to show that it is acting lawfully and for a legitimate aim and the interference is both necessary and proportionate [12] (Hugh Tomlinson p 440) CCTV and how it relates to citizens A Home Office Study concluded that ‘the CCTV schemes that have been assessed had little overall effect on crime levels.’[13] Critics further argue that mass intrusion into peoples movements may not be proportionate and a breach of their rights to privacy under the Human Rights Act.[14] On the roads, camera based restrictions of speed has increased from 300,000 in 1996 to over 2 million in 2004 where an estimated  £113 million in fines have been generated per annum.[15] These statistics have not been welcomed by citizens and have received negative press on the issue. However the overall increase in CCTV on the roads has no doubt contributed to a reduction in deaths and injuries. The state acknowledges how CCTV is valuable in preventing and detecting crime and the overall safety of society. Citizens can be reassured that they can go about their daily business with confidence, it gives members of the business community added security and sends a clear message to those engaged in crime or anti social behaviour that they will be caught and will be prosecuted.[16] Further councillor Hazel Harding acknowledges how CCTV is popular with law abiding members who see it as a preventative and feel much safer [17] agreeing with many members of society who believe, if ‘you have nothing to fear if you have nothing to hide.’ However the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) recognised the contribution of CCTV images is not recorded in a systematic manner.[18] For example, the increased use of Automatic Number Plate Recognition, where cameras can read number plates and then check them against police databases to see if the cars are wanted for any reason, such as road tax, insurance and MOT. However this is not the only purpose of these cameras, every road userâ€℠¢s journeys are stored on a PSNI database for a minimum of two years regardless of the innocence of the subjects. There are about 10 billion innocent people movements stored on the UK database to date. 15 million innocent people’s details are logged and stored everyday.[19] The use of sophisticated data mining software such as ‘Northgate BOF 2.3, Advanced Data Miner’ is used by all police forces in the UK, which allows every journey a person makes to be tracked, traced, mapped and spied upon for the previous two years. Furthermore this is done without individuals consent. Furthermore to date, there has been no parliamentary debate nor legislation passed regulating its use. The system has no safeguards or independent scrutiny in place. The view that ‘there is not and never can be justification for harvesting and storing data information from innocent law abiding citizens by a government without the explicit permission of the individual.’ On the other hand ANPR can be seen as an internationally recognised tool that can significantly reduce volume crime, provided the police use their ANPR system in a lawful, ethical and accountable manner; for the purpose of preventing and detecting terrorism, serious crime, volume crime and road traffic offences.[20] The question arises are the benefits of this outweighing the costs. Such technology enhances the notion that we are living in a surveillance society, others might argue that anything seen as aiding the police to catch murderers and combat crime is necessary. The information Commissioners Office, which advices organisations on the use of CCTV, says cameras must be reasonable and proportionate to maintain public trust and must not breach the Data Protection Act.[21] The Data Protection Act 1998 states that it should be clear from the outset that the purpose of the CCTV recording is to be stipulated and any subsequent deviation from that purpose constitutes a breach of the legislation. This can be applied to any form of information collation where it should only be used for the purpose it was originally intended. Databases ‘There is a need to gather and access personal information to: support the delivery of personalised and better public services; fight crime and protect security; reduce the burden on business and the citizen, and tackle social exclusion through early intervention.’[22] This quotation reflects on the acceptable intention of surveillance and is perceived as an indispensable tool in the day to day operation of social systems. Whereas once it was fairly safe to assume that personal records kept for purposes such as health, policing, social insurance, banking and driver licensing would be stored in relatively watertight containers, the computerization of these records means that they are readily amenable to different forms of integration. Given the immense value placed on personal data, both for commercial exploitation and for risk management, huge pressure is placed on these containers to yield their secrets in shareable ways..[23] Surveillance in this context means focused attention to personal details aimed at exerting an influence over or managing the objects of data or data subjects as they are sometimes called. [24] It can be considered an aiding instrument to organise. Under the Data Protection Act, bodies that are collecting and collating data, be it health records, revenue information or even a school recording pupil information, are legally required to pay an annual fee of  £35 to register with the Information Commissioner that they are collecting and storing such information. There is a two tier structure based on the organisation’s size and turnover, notification fee’s of  £500 applies to data controllers with a turnover of over  £25.9 million or employs over 250 members of staff.[25] What is of concern is who monitors how this information is being used and how secure it is, or to put it another way, who watches the watchers? These questions concern the accountability of data collection. It is only when there is a breach of security that there is awareness that not all bodies are compliant with the Commissioner’s requirements. These breaches tend to become of real public concern when they come to the attention of the media, affecting public relations with the governing bodies to the level of mistrust. For instance in December 2007, it was revealed that a computer hard drive with the details of 3,000,000 UK learner drivers had gone missing in the USA and that the details of 7,500 vehicles and their owner had been lost by the Driver and Vehicle Agency in Northern Ireland. Also in DATE the junior officers of HMRC lost personal details of all families in the UK with a child under 16. The corroborative of data collection this is in the combating of fraud. This can be considered as a law enforcement activity which uses data collection. Statistics have indicated that the use of this form of surveillance to combat fraud can be considered proportionate to combating its aims as success in respect of NHS savings of  £189 million in 2005, the National fraud Initiative savings of  £111 million in 2005-06, and  £10 million saved in respect of cheque and plastic card fraud.[26] Where revenue databases are concerned it is not unreasonable to assume that every individual is treated as a suspect. Innocent people are investigated. Here the question arises again, is the invasion of an individual’s privacy necessary in order to prevent fraudulent claims? Conclusion In conclusion, the advances in technology in this field have permeated our society resulting in the citizen subconsciously accepting surveillance as part of every day life. Surveillance data can be very powerful and can enable consumers to perform a wide range of functions, which can be perceived as part of the issue – how wide should that use deviate from the initial intention before it can be deemed explorative and ultimately exploitive. Among these functions include assessing banking information, health records, constructing consumer profiles in the name of facilitating efficient services, the topical issue of mobile phone calls, and sending and receiving electronic mail.[27] It is important to realise that these same advantages can be considered a threat to certain aspects of society through misuse and mismanagement. There are two sides to this argument of proportionality. And no conclusive all-embracing solution. Perhaps we are due a sequel of George Orwell’s publication, possibly titled â€Å"2084†. One wonders what premonitions would he postulate if he were here today. The introduction of CCTV was viewed as a tool to reduce the amount of crime. To date there is very little substantive research evidence to support this.[28] Perhaps if the state were to provide more community policing on the streets of the UK this may be more productive. Further, a review carried out by the Home Office that looked at street lighting found a significant reduction in the levels of crime to the order of 20%.[29] The results from a YouGov Poll[30] have indicated that 79% of people believe that Britain is increasingly being described as a surveillance society. And a further 66% do not trust governments of whatever political party to keep information on databases confidential. Although 97% agree to CCTV in banks and building societies and a further 85% In my opinion the state wishes to control us absolutely, and to achieve this, it must know absolutely everything about us, every minute of our day. Surveillance Web – the rise of visual surveillance in an English city Bibliography Legislation Textbooks Goold B and Neyland D, New Directions in Surveillance and Privacy (2009 Willan Publishing.) Haggerty K and Samatas M, Surveillance and Democracy, (2010 Routledge.) Hier S and Green J, The Surveillance Studies Reader, (2007 Open University Press) Mattelart A, The Globalization of Surveillance, (2010 Polity Press.) Barendt, Privacy as a constitutional Right and Value, (1997 Oxford University Press) Journals Taylor N, ‘State Surveillance and the Right to Privacy’ Surveillance and Society 1(1):66-85. Lyon D, ‘Everyday Surveillance, Personal Data and social classifications’ Information Communication Society, (2002) Routledge. vol 5 issue 2, Websites Privacy International Leading Surveillance Societies in the EU and the World Survey 2007 accessed 3December 2011. Nidirect Government Services, How is CCTV used in the Community, accessed 05 December 2011. http://www.bigbrotheriswatching.co.uk/ http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection/notification/cost.aspx Information Commissioners Office website. Newspaper articles R Ford, ‘Beware Rise of Big Brother State, warns data Watchdog’ The Times,16 August 2004. Sunday Times, A Camera network designed to catch criminals is being turned on innocent motorists reports David Leppard. 4/4/2010. Philip Johnson, Home Affairs Editor, Your Life in their Lens, 02 November 2006 The Telegraph. Q A Birmingham Terrorist Cameras, 17 June 2010. YouGov/ Daily Telegraph, 28th- 30th November 2006. Miscellaneous Surveillance: Citizens and the State Volume 1: Report House of Lords select committee on the Constitution 2nd Report of Session 2008-09. M Gill and A Spriggs Assessing the Impact of CCTV, London Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorie, 43, 60-61. Surveillance, Order and Social Control End of Award Report to the Economic and Social Research Council in respect of grant L210252023 Clive Norris Department of Social Policy, University of Hull State Surveillance and the Right to Privacy Nick Taylor1 Jane Clift Respondent and Slough Borough Council Your life in their lens the telegraph [1] R Ford, ‘Beware Rise of Big Brother State, warns data Watchdog’ The Times,16 August 2004. [2] Surveillance: Citizens and the State Volume 1: Report House of Lords select committee on the Constitution 2nd Report of Session 2008-09 para 1. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid para 18 [5] Patton v Poole Borough Council (2010) IPT/09/01/C) para 8. [6] Privacy International Leading Surveillance Societies in the EU and the World Survey 2007 accessed 3December 2011. [7] See UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 1948, Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms, 4 November 1950, Directive 95/46/EC on the Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data. Privacy regulations aimed at governing how personal information is processed were introduced in the 1970’s and 1980’s. [8] European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8(2) There shall be no interference by public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well being of the country. [9] Barendt, Privacy as a constitutional Right and Value, (Oxford University Press 1997) p 7. [10] Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62. [11] Surveillance: Citizens and the State Report, (n2) at 69. [12] Surveillance: Citizens and the State Report, (n2) at 127. [13] M Gill and A Spriggs Assessing the Impact of CCTV, London Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorie, 43, 60-61. [14] Sunday Times, A Camera network designed to catch criminals is being turned on innocent motorists reports David Leppard. 4/4/2010. [15] Philip Johnson, Home Affairs Editor, Your Life in their Lens, 02 November 2006 The Telegraph. [16]Nidirect Government Services, How is CCTV used in the Community, accessed 05 December 2011. [17] Councillor Hazel Harding, Leader of Lancashire County Council and chair of the Local Government Association Safer Communities Board. [18] Surveillance: Citizens and the State (n2) at 74 [19] http://www.bigbrotheriswatching.co.uk/ [20] Police Service of Northern Ireland, Policy Directive PD 01/08 PSNI ANPR Systems, 17 December 2007. [21] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10341867 Q A Birmingham Terrorist Cameras, 17 June 2010. [22] Ibid at p 21. [23] Surveillance studies Reader – Get in short loan lib [24] D Lyon, ‘Everyday Surveillance, Personal Data and social classifications’ Information Communication Society, vol 5 issue 2, (2002) Routledge. P 1. [25] http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection/notification/cost.aspx Information Commissioners Office website. [26] Surveillance state and citizens report. [27] S Hier and J Green, The Surveillance Studies Reader, Open University Press, (2007) pg. 77. [28] R Armitage, ‘To CCTV or not to CCTV’ (2002) Nacro, Crime and Social Policy Section [29] Ibid. [30] YouGov/ Daily Telegraph, 28th- 30th November 2006.

The Life of Paul Gauguin Essay -- Painter Gauguin Biography Papers

The Life of Paul Gauguin Paul Gauguin was born in Paris on June 7th, 1848. His childhood was filled with radical beliefs and a libertarian lifestyle. In fact, his own father Clovis Gauguin was a republican journalist by trade, whose own writings were criticized for their radicalism and eventually forced the family into exile in 1849. With no stable source of income due to his father’s death, the family established residency in Peru, a decision made in accordance to his mother’s Peruvian descent. At age seventeen, Gauguin decided to enter into the French merchant navy. After a six year stint on the seas, Gauguin returned to Peru. His mother then died in 1867, and he was sent to live with Gustave Arosa, a wealthy art collector, who sparked his interest in art. It was Arosa who led Gauguin to eventually devote his time to painting. However, he did not begin his business career in the realm of art; rather, he succeeded as a stockbroker in Paris. It is there in Paris that he me t and married Mette Sofie Gad, and together they had five children. Despite the draw of finance and promise of substantial wealth, he could not temper his desire to paint. His attempts to paint and collect impressionist paintings frustrated Gauguin as he could only devote a meager amount of time and resources. Thus, he determined that he needed to focus his time solely to his lifelong passion: painting. To do so, Gauguin felt the need to sever all personal ties; consequently, he abandoned his family in 1883 without adequate funding. He died in Atuana, Marquesas on May 9th, 1903, a renowned painter, alone with the exception of his works. However, despite his attachment to an eclectic and hermit lifestyle, his contributions to art c... ... Biography. Nov. 12, 2002. http://www.expo-gauguin.com/2.cfm This site gave a brief overview of the life of Gauguin. It did not go into great detail on any given part of his life, but rather included the major points and influences throughout. Encarta Online. Paul Gauguin. Nov. 12, 2002. http://www.renoirinc.com/biography/artists/gauguin.htm This site also gave an overview of Gauguin’s life, but also included more descriptions of the changes in his art throughout his life. It provided the paintings that represented these changes. Works Consulted Paul Gauguin Biography. Nov. 13, 2002. http://www.repropaint.com/Gauguin/gauguin.htm This site was almost identical to the second listed in works cited. It gave a very broad listing of the events in Gauguin’s life, but also gave a few more names involved in shaping his life and painting.

Causation and Correlation Essay

Causation and Correlation Paper The topic I am going to pick is â€Å"Wealthy people are thin†. This could go both ways I am thinking. Wealthy people have the means to stay thin. They have money, resources, and the means to keep there health in check. If you’re poor or not wealthy you basically have to eat or cook what ever is cheap and some healthy foods are not cheap. For these reasons I think the correlation for this topic could be a good one or a bad one, it just depends on what your economic status is and what you can or can’t afford. I think if I had to pick one or the other out of causation and correlation I think this topic is more causation. The reasoning for my selection is that if you are wealthy you have more options to stay thin. So for this being wealthy can cause one to stay thin. Another reason why wealthy people are more able to stay thin over less wealthier people is because like I have mentioned food is expensive and the foods they might need to get you might have to travel or go to special stores. Another way this is causation is because wealthy people can also afford personal trainers or even a gym membership along with weight loss doctors to stay on track. For all these reasons they cause wealthier people to stay thin. Reference: Causation and Correlation in this weeks materials.

Water Crisis

Every day, the sun rises, and each night the sun sets. Ripples of the ocean turn into waves, rolling in and back out into the vast sea. Trees grow, creating crisp air to replenish aching lungs, and life, both human and beast, continue on throughout time. Mankind knows that the sun will rise. People are dependent on the rising and setting of this huge, flaming star; but with pollution, littering, and soaking up all of the natural resources, the world will cease to turn. In that event, can anyone still depend on the sun to rise? Imagine a world in which there was a shortage of water.Although lakes, oceans, rivers, and bays are natural resources, they are not everlasting. This world would become dry and cracked. Trees wouldn’t be able to grow; therefor oxygen would become scarce and rare. Imagine this horrifying land where eventually, the world runs out of water. That is the world we live in today. The scary part is, not everyone knows about it. According to http://www. concernus a. org, a website dedicated to the current water crises, â€Å"A child dies every 15 seconds from diseases caused by a lack of safe water and sanitation. Every year 1. million children dye from preventable diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and typhoid. † As the author’s illustrated, all of these diseases are due to unclean water. Blue Gold: World Water Wars is an intellectual documentary about the sanitation of water. As stated in this film, â€Å"Today, one in eight people still do not have access to safe drinking water and more than half of the diseases in the world are caused by unclean H2O. † The speaker claims that one out of every eight people will be diagnosed with a preventable disease because of the water crises.The video demonstrates that the cause of unsafe water is a direct result of humans mistreating natural resources. Oil spills, toxic fumes, and smoke billowing out of mills have contributed to infecting the sources of water. Richer nations such as the U. S use an insane amount of the world’s resources. For example, According to Flow, a documentary about abusing water, â€Å"Exploitation of natural resources like H20 -the majority of which is caused by wealthier nations-has caused an alarming devastation to the environment.The global water and sanitation crisis is mainly rooted in poverty, lack of education, and inequality, meaning the crisis is an issue of access. † This film conveys that poorer nations do not have adequate access to water. As a result, millions of women and children in developing countries walk several hours a day to collect water that is safe to drink, yet very often what they retrieve is still contaminated. In the United States, many people do not feel the urge to care or be concerned, because it does not directly harm them. Although sob stories from third world countries are tragedies, many citizens of rich nations do not feel the effects.If the world stays on its current path, it is only a matter of time before water as a whole runs out. When that time comes, everyone will embrace the end of days. There are ways in which people can help to save the planet. Over population, lack of hygiene, and no sanitation education all contribute to unclean water. A great way to begin rescuing the word’s water is to get educated about it. A huge part of the problem is that many people have no idea that the world has a limited supply of resources. Children who work to collect water for their families are sometimes denied an education, which, in turn, contributes to the cycle of poverty. www. concernusa. org). In developing countries, agriculture is by far the most important economic sector in the production of food. However, according to the UN, â€Å"an increasing number of regions are suffering from chronic water shortages. Severe, frequent droughts and limited water resources have a drastic impact on a population's means of earning a living and producing food. † A ccess to clean drinking water is what enables a nation to thrive. For instance, according to Running Dry, â€Å"Human Development is more closely linked to access to water and sanitation than any other sector, including health, education, or access to energy. The author details that water is the gateway to human development, and the lack of water in third world countries is what is slowing down their production. The world needs to make a change. As individuals, people can take shorter showers, lessen the time they leave the garden hose running, or do dishes in a more efficient way. Corporations can agree to decrease pollution, and as a result the water can become clean again. Although this will take a long time to reverse the effects, the time to act is now. Because of water, whether it is a clear brook or a foamy ocean spray, life is able to exist.Trees grow, oxygen is plentiful, people are able to harvest food, and surviving goes from possible to likely. The world wasn’t m eant to become dry and cracked. It needs water to thrive just like everyone else. If humans can limit their usage of water, then they can still depend on the spinning of the earth; and as time goes on, so will human existence. Sources Blue Gold: World Water Wars. 11/20/2011 Documentary www. concernusa. org. 11/15/2011. Website Flow 11/15/2011. Documentary Running Dry. 11/21/2011. Film/book

Alzheimers disease essays

Alzheimers disease essays Alzheimers Disease Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disease that damages the memory, thinking and behavior in someone. The person with AD may experience confusion, personality and behavior changes, damage the decision making in someone, and difficulty thinking of words, finishing thoughts or following directions. It eventually leaves the person unable of caring for himself or herself. The nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls memory, thinking, are damaged, stopping the passage of messages between cells. The cells develop typical changes that are called neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The cortex of the brain shrinks; the spaces in the center of the brain become bigger, also reducing surface area in the brain. Alzheimer's Disease is a, which leads to loss of brain capacity. Symptoms usually occur in older adults and include loss of language skills, trouble finding words, problems with thinking, bad choices, confusion in place and time, mood swings, and changes in personality. This disease is not communicable, it is also not congenital you get it at an old age not at birth or at an early age. Alzheimer's Disease affects men and women about equal. The disease strikes older people more common, affecting about 10% of Americans over age 65 and 47% of those over age 85. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known. Researchers are studying assumed causes such as neurological damage, chemical deficiencies, viruses, genetic abnormalities, environmental toxins and malfunctions in the bodys disease defense systems. There is a slightly increased risk that family of patients with Alzheimer's disease will get it. Some patients who get the disease in middle age have a familial type, which means more than one get it in the family. Right now there is no cure or treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, there are many dishonest individuals ...

Free sample - Corporate Labor Relations. translation missing

Corporate Labor Relations. Corporate Labor RelationsLabor relations are an expansive concept which mostly guides the relationships between employers and employees. While labor relations are mostly applied when the relationship involves employees in trade unions but also they can apply for those not in unions. Labor relations are integrated into a national policy on labor.   The government and a nation’s various regulations provide to the industry principles regarding the treatment of employees. In the United States of America, labor relations gained a huge boost with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act in the year 1935. The National Labor Relations Act gave most employees these rights. The case was upheld by the high court around the year 1937. The National Labor Relations Act 1935 also advocates for affirmative action. Affirmative action refers to an employer giving equal employment opportunities to the employees (Ackers, 2003; Kaufman, 2004). The employer is not supposed to discriminate the employees along whatever line be it race, color, religion, origin, sex, age, citizenship or even disability. Any discrimination based on whatever characteristics would be treated as a breach of labor relations and rights. Forms of breach of labor relations Many organizations in the US have for long time discriminated workers along the lines of race. Many organizations in the United States of America absorb whites at the expense of the black Americans. If all the unemployed black Americans were to replace the employed white workers only 1 per cent of the whites will be affected. This shows how important the affirmative action is and all the employers need to be compelled to adopt it. The other phenomenon of breach of the labor relations is captured in the poor working conditions. This means that they are not entitled to any benefits, their pay is poor and they cannot join the existing trade unions. With such working conditions, those casual workers operate as if they do not have rights. The labor relations call for employers to ensure job security for all their employees. Many organizations do not allow for permanent terms which require the employee to sign for appointment contract which stipulates the terms and conditions of the job including the grounds and arrangements upon which an employee can be laid off. Breach of labor relations is always illegal. This is because it violates human rights. It also breaks the law governing labor in the United States of America. As a result breach of labor relations is a civil case answerable in a court of law. National Labor Relations Act 1935 of the US has quite a number of options to deal with such case of breach of labor relations. One of the common options is by ensuring that the complainant is fully compensated for any damages. The compensation can be monetary or incase the employee was laid off to be reinstated. Another option is fining the organization and letting the fine go to the government’s kitty. The organization can also be compelled to adopt the regulation and execute it to all its employees. This will ensure that employees get more permanent terms, job security, better pays, form trade unions which can fight for their rights when need be. In conclusion, there are two broad forms which breach of labor relations can take. The first form of breach includes discrimination of the person along a given line For instance. color or race. This influences who gets a job and who does not. The other form is as a result of violating human rights For instance. poor working conditions.

Construction contracts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Construction contracts - Research Paper Example Variation Types Variations are not restricted merely to the work specification, the cost specification or other quality aspects. Instead, variation can constitute a number of different aspects a few of which are2: an addition to work specifications; an omission to work specifications; a change of materials; changes to construction sequence; working hours change; corrections in the contract documents; corrections in the Bill of Quantities (BoQs) for descriptions and / or quantities of materials used; changes to third party work schedule and scope; changes in the timeline agreed upon in the original contract; changes required to deal with unforeseen circumstances / force majeure. In addition to describing variations as changes to the work, its scope, its cost, quality and other aspects, another potent method of defining variation is as per the party that initiates the variation. CEBE3 has provided a comprehensive method to describe variation as per the initiating party. The causes for variation as per the initiating party have been used to classify variations in an attempt to cover as many variations as possible. The major classifications of variations provided are owner related, consultant related, contractor related and other variations. The research by CEBE provides that there are approximately 53 discernible types of variations that might occur in any construction contract situation4. The various types of variations are shown in detail in the diagram provided below: Figure 1 - Causes of variation as expounded by CEBE (2006) Impacts of Variation Types on Contract Dimensions It would not be possible to discuss all the different types of variations and to analyze them as per FIDIC’s Red Book (1999) interpretations. A few... It would not be possible to discuss all the different types of variations and to analyze them as per FDIC's Red Book (1999) interpretations. A few major variations, including variations that are controversial as being variations or not, are discussed as per CABE classification presented above. A variation in project scope by the owner is one of the most common causes of variation, especially for construction projects. The owner is not on board in typical construction projects planning and design stages and this leads to changes in planning and scoping later. In such circumstances, since the originating party is the owner, the engineer is required to submit a proposal for variation to the contractor as per sub-clause 13.3 of the FIDIC Red Book (1999). Processing of the variation requested is subject to the contractor’s choosing and the owner would have to convince the contractor to comply. Additionally, the condition of the Red Book’s sub-clause that the contractor cannot stop work as variation proposals are being shuttled seems unreasonable. For example, if the owner requires an extensive change of scope that involves the current work, the contractor still has to keep working in the agreed direction even though he proposes variations simultaneously. The lack of clarification for major scope changes makes subclause 13.3 ambiguous and open to dispute between contracting parties. Another area of contention for variation may arise if the owner’s cash stream is somehow affected.